Web Accessibility

Site navigation and dropdowns that work by keyboard and screen reader, and why app-style menu roles are usually wrong.

Tell screen reader users about updates such as search results, saved messages and errors with live regions and status roles.

Why motion can make people unwell, WCAG motion criteria, and implementing prefers-reduced-motion properly.

Announce route changes, move focus to new content and keep titles updated in client-rendered apps.

Scope an audit, combine automated and manual testing, record issues against WCAG, and prioritise fixes.

Patterns from the ARIA Authoring Practices Guide for comboboxes and data grids, and making charts understandable.

Run axe and Lighthouse, read their results, and know the large share of issues only manual testing finds.

Start NVDA or VoiceOver, navigate by headings, landmarks and forms, and note what to listen for.

What WCAG requires for audio and video, writing captions and transcripts, and avoiding autoplay problems.

Use the dialog element for modals: focus moves in and back, Escape closes, the background is inert.

Build show-hide components and tabs with the right markup, keyboard support and ARIA states.

Disabilities and situations that affect how people use the web, assistive technologies, and the legal and business case.

The POUR principles, success criteria and A, AA and AAA levels in WCAG 2.2, in plain language.

When images need alt text, how to describe them for context, and when an empty alt is correct.

How screen reader users jump between headings and landmarks, and how to structure pages so that works.

Contrast ratios for text and interface elements, checking them, and showing meaning with more than colour.

Make every control reachable and operable by keyboard, keep a logical focus order, and style focus visibly.

Add skip links, move focus deliberately after actions, and avoid focus traps and lost focus.

How assistive technology names controls, the naming order, and fixing unlabelled icon buttons.

Labels, hints, required fields, grouped controls and error messages that everyone can find and fix.